business: 九月 2015

Computer Terminology Assignment

JAMIE SHEN

Term	Definition	Trends/Notes/Examples
	An application is a program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end user. Application software can be divided into two general classes: systems software and applications software. Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such things as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets.	An application is a program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end user. Application software can be divided into two general classes: systems software and applications software. Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such things as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets.Figuratively speaking, applications software sits on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system and system utilities.
BIOS	BIOS, the IBM PC compatible, is an industry standard firmware interfaces _. . BIOS is the first occurrence of the word by the CP / M operating system in 1975. BIOS is the first software to load when you start the PC. BIOS POST computer for performing each part of the system, and the boot program or the operating system is loaded in memory. In addition, BIOS also provides some system parameters to the operating system. System hardware changes are hidden by the BIOS, the program uses BIOS service instead of directly accessing hardware. Modern operating systems will ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and direct access to the hardware components.	Early Intel processors started at physical address 000FFFF0h. When a modern x86 microprocessor is reset, it starts in pseudo 16-bit real mode, initializing most registers to zero. The code segment register is initialized with selector F000h, base FFFF0000h, and limit FFFFh, so that execution starts at 4 GB minus 16 bytes (FFFFFFF0h).[9] The platform logic maps this address into the system ROM, mirroring address 000FFFF0h.
BIT	[S: metrology] bit; bit; [T: metrology] bit; positive body: yuan; drill [electrical engineering]; English: [binary] bits, bits [information technology]; positive body: bits, than [computer ]; is the body: bit [free software]; English: Bit; bit [free software]; positive body: bit; ratio [computer]	Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. The term was first used in 1946 by John Turkeys, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits.
Byte	Byte, the English name is Byte. A byte represents eight bits. It is usually used as a unit of measurement of computer information, regardless of data type. It is also the programming language indispensable basic data types - integer. Modern computer continuous, fixed number of bits. Eight binary specification is often called Octet, for example, in a number of industry standards, networking and telecommunications technology inside. Byte can be abbreviated to B, such as MB represents Megabyte; Bit can be abbreviated to b, for example, represents Mb Megabit. Francophonie sometimes "o" for "octet". Many people do not accept, because it has zero risk of confusion in the international system of units.	3 and 2 Consider only the leftmost position It can only be 0 or 1 Leftmost bit is 0, then adding two-bit patterns The leftmost bit is 1, then adding two-bit patterns again The results more than twice ... three modes 2
Bus	a large vehicle that is used for carrying passengers especially along a particular route at particular times	She boarded a bus in Nashville. Are you traveling by train or by bus?
Cache	Cache, in its original meaning refers to access faster than a random access memory RAM, usually it is not the system main memory as the use of DRAM technology, and the use of expensive but faster SRAM technology.	cache large data: 056-huge-plot.Rmd (output) an example using the Rte. syntax: knitr-latex.Rtex
CD-ROM	CD-ROM, a CD-ROM on the computer is used. This disc can only write data once, the information is permanently stored on the disc is read out by the disc drive when information use. CD format was originally developed for music storage and playback of design, in 1985, the Orange Book standards developed by the SONY and Philips makes this format to fit binary data. Some CD-ROM only stores music, and computer data storage, this CD-ROM can be music CD player to play, and the computer can be a computer data processing.	The Yellow Book is the technical standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of color-bound books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats, the Yellow Book, created by Sony and Philips in 1988, was the first extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio. It adapted the format to hold any form of data.
Circuit Board	An insulated board on which conductive pathways are constructed and components such as chips are mounted. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.	When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components, it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),[1] and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.
CPU	A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.^[1] Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.^[2]	Most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, and other components of a computer; such integrated devices are variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC). Some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called "cores"; in that context, single chips are sometimes referred to as "sockets".^[3] Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, with no unit considered central.
Disk	Disc is a behavior assessment tool based on the DISC theory of psychologist William Moulton Marston, which centers on four different behavioral traits: dominance, inducement, submission, and compliance. This theory was then developed into a behavioral assessment tool by industrial psychologist Walter Vernon Clarke.	There are many different versions of the questionnaire and profile. Because the versions of the assessment do vary, practitioners are cautioned to ask for evidence for the validity of a prospective version before using.
DOS	DOS /dɒs/, short for disk operating system,^[1] is an acronym for several computer operating systems that were operated by using the command line.	MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 including the partially MS-DOS-based Microsoft Windows (95, 98, and Millennium Edition). "DOS" is used to describe the family of several very similar command-line systems, including MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, ROM-DOS, OSx16, "Horizon OS" and PTS-DOS.
Ergonomics	a science that deals with designing and arranging things so that people can use them easily and safely : the parts or qualities of something's design that make it easy to use	Ergonomics info - How to create a user-friendly home and office. Ergonomics information presented to you the BEST, EASY-TO-READ way.
Expansion Slot	An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is used to insert an expansion card (or circuit board), which provides additional features to a computer such as video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory.	Sound Modems Network Interface adapters TV and radio tuning Video processing Host adapting such as redundant array of independent disks or small computer system interface Solid-state drive Power-on self-test Advanced multirate codec Basic input/output system (BIOS) Expansion read-only memory (ROM) Security devices RAM memory
Fax	Transfer files to fax a copy of the telecommunications technology; and is responsible for transmitting fax machine these files.
Gigabyte	Gigabytes, often abbreviated as G, is an information unit of measurement, now usually labeled hard drives, memory, and so has the storage capacity to large capacity storage media in general when using.	To address this ambiguity, the binary prefixes have been standardized in the International System of Quantities, each binary prefix denoting an integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a memory module that is now labeled as a 1 GB is designated as 1 GB (one gibbeted).
Hard Drive	A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk^[b] is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.^[2] Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. HDDs retain stored data even when powered off.	As of 2015, the primary competing technology for secondary storage is flash memory in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs), which have higher data transfer rates, better reliability,^[5] and significantly lower latency and access times, but HDDs remain the dominant medium for secondary storage due to advantages in price per bit and per-device recording capacity.^[6]^[7] However, SSDs are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption and durability are more important considerations.^[8]^[9]
HTML	Hypertext Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup language used to create web pages.[1] Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of a website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language.	HTML can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.
Internet	The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a network of networks[1] that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.	The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.^[7] Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.^[8]
Internet Service Provider	An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.	Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Keyboard	Typing[edit] · Typewriter keyboard, used to enter text onto paper · Computer keyboard, a set of keys used to input information to a computer · IBM PC keyboard · Apple Keyboard · Chorded keyboard, on which several keys are pressed together to enter a letter or command · Virtual keyboard, a software component that allows a user to enter characters
Kilobyte	The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The International System of Units (SI) defines the prefix kilo as 1000 (10³); therefore one kilobyte is 1000 bytes. The unit symbol for the kilobyte is kB. In some fields of information technology kilobyte has traditionally also been used to denote 1024 (2¹⁰) bytes, which arises from binary exponentiation common to digital circuitry. In this context the unit symbol K or KB has been common.	· The HP 21MX real-time computer (1974) denoted 196,608 (which is 192×1024) as 196K,^[11] while the HP 3000 business computer (1973) denoted 131,072 (which is 128×1024) as 128K.^[12] · The Shugart SA-400 5¹⁄₄-inch floppy disk (1976) held 109,375 bytes unformatted,^[13] and was advertised as 110 Kbyte, using the 1000 convention.^[14] Likewise, the 8-inch DEC RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes formatted, and was advertised as 256k.^[15] On the other hand, the Tandon 5¹⁄₄-inch DD floppy format (1978) held 368,640 (which is 360×1024) bytes, but was advertised as 360 KB, following the 1024 convention. · On modern systems, all versions of Microsoft Windows including the newest (as of 2015) Windows 10 divide by 1024 and represent a 65,536-byte file as 64 KB.^[16] Conversely, Mac OS X Snow Leopard and newer represent this as 66 kB, rounding to the nearest 1000 bytes.^[17]
LAN	A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, or office building.^[1] A local area network is contrasted in principle to a wide area network (WAN), which covers a larger geographic distance and may involve leased telecommunication circuits, while the media for LANs are locally managed.	Ethernet over twisted pair cabling and Wi-Fi are the two most common transmission technologies in use for local area networks. Historical technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring, and AppleTalk.
Megahertz	The hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second.^[1] It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves.	One of the unit's most common uses is in the description of sine waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio and other audio-related applications. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven.
Modem	A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates signals to encode digital information and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of acomputer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.	Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second (symbol bit/s, sometimes abbreviated "bps"), or bytes per second (symbol B/s). Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate, measured in baud. The baud unit denotes symbols per second, or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal. For example, the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency shift keying with two possible frequencies, corresponding to two distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud. By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits per symbol), transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud) using phase shift keying.
Monitor	Monitor,place,media,ships…	· Computer monitor, a screen that displays peripheral output to the user · Apple Monitor II, a 12"-inch green monochrome display designed for use with the Apple II+ · Monitor (synchronization), an approach to synchronize two or more computer tasks that use a shared resource · Machine code monitor, programming allowing users to view or change memory locations on a computer · Virtual Machine Monitor, software which virtualizes a computer hardware platform, allowing multiple system images to run simultaneously · Boot monitor, a small interactive bootstrap program or machine code debugger · Resident monitor, an early primitive operating system · An execution profiler
Motherboard	A Motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board,^[1] or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike abackplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor and other components.	Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards,network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components (the term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machines and other embedded systems).
Mouse	In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface.	Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable additional control and dimensional input.
Multimedia	Multimedia refers to content that uses a combination of different content forms. This contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination oftext, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactive content forms.	Multimedia can be recorded and played, displayed, dynamic, interacted with or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic mediadevices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia scales up the amount of media content in multimedia application.
Network	Biological, biosocial, electric, and electronic Art, entertainment, and media	· NETWORK, an American social justice group · The Network (political party), an Italian political party · The Network (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling stable
Operating System Software	The operating system is the most important program that runs on acomputer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing inputfrom the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Peripheral Device	A peripheral is a "device that is used to put information into or get information out of the computer.	There are two different types of peripherals: input devices, which interact with or send data to the computer (mouse, keyboards, etc.), and output devices, which provide output to the user from the computer (monitors, printers, etc.). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, can be used both as input and output devices.
RAM	Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to be accessed (read or written) in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement delays.	The two main forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a six transistor memory cell. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as cache memory for the CPU. DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair, which together comprise a DRAMmemory cell. The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or change it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers.
ROM	Biomechanics and medicine Computers and mathematics Engineering Fiction and entertainment Society and geography	· Return on margin, a judge of performance based on the net gain or net loss compared to the perceived risk · Refuel On the Move, a DoD logistic action
Scanner	For invisible radiation[edit] Scanner (radio), for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts An outside broadcasting control vehicle A rotating radar antenna Neutron scanner, a scanner which utilizes neutrons to penetrate objects for analysis For (near) light[edit] Image scanner, which digitizes a two-dimensional image 3D scanner, which digitizes the three-dimensional shape of a real object Motion picture film scanner, which scans original film for storage as a digital file Barcode reader, which reads the data encoded in a barcode Laser scanner, which guides a laser beam along a path, sometimes combined with a measurement Stepper, a part of the photolithography process A biometric scanner, an electronic device with a sensor to read patterns or images from faces, irises and finger pads to create a biological template or profile An automated spotlight Computer software[edit] Port scanner, in computer networking Virus scanner (Antivirus) Vulnerability scanner, a computer program that probes for weaknesses Lexical analyzer, a computer program WikiScanner, a tool that provides a searchable database of anonymous Wikipedia edits Scanner, a disk space analyzing and management tool for Microsoft Windows Other[edit] An automotive electronic control unit diagnostic tool A personality type described by self-help author Barbara Sher characterized by having many different interests and/or keep changing interests very often. Barbara Sher uses the word "scanner" for someone who scans the surface of things, as opposed to "divers" or experts. Other words for scanner includes polymath, renaissance soul, multitalent, generalist and multipotentialite (as in Multipotentiality)	· A personality type described by self-help author Barbara Sher characterized by having many different interests and/or keep changing interests very often. Barbara Sher uses the word "scanner" for someone who scans the surface of things, as opposed to "divers" or experts. Other words for scanner includes polymath, renaissance soul, multitalent, generalist and multipotentialite (as in Multipotentiality)
Standalone	: self-contained; especially : operating or capable of operating independently of a computer system <a stand–alone word processor>	· Stand-alone DSL, a digital subscriber line without analog telephone service; also known as naked DSL · Stand-alone expansion pack, an expansion pack which does not require the original game in order to use the new content · Stand-alone inverter, a power inverter that converts direct current into alternating current independent of a utility grid · Standalone network or Intranet, a computer network that uses Internet protocol technology within an organization · Stand-alone shell, a Unix shell designed for recovering from system failures · Stand-alone power system, an off-the-grid electricity system · Stand-alone store, a store not directly connected with a shopping mall · Stand-alone sequel, a sequel set in the same fictional universe but having little or no reference to predecessors · Stand-alone server, a Microsoft Windows server that neither belongs to nor governs a Windows domain · Standalone software (disambiguation)
USB	USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.^[2]
WAN	· Wide area network, in network · Wan (surname) · Wan language of Ivory Coast · Wanborough railway station, in England, by station code · World Association of Newspapers · Wan, a character in The Boy Who Would Live Forever by Frederik Pohl
Window	A window detector circuit, also called window comparator circuit or dual edge limit detector circuits is used to determine whether an unknown input is between two precise reference threshold voltages. It employs two comparators to detect over-voltage or under-voltage.
Windows	Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x and Windows Mobile.