Computer Terminology Assignment
JAMIE
SHEN
Term
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Definition
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Trends/Notes/Examples
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An application is a program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end user. Application software can be
divided into two general classes: systems
software and applications
software. Applications software (also called end-user programs) include
such things as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets.
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An
application is a program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end
user. Application software can be divided into two general classes: systems
software and applications software. Applications software (also called
end-user programs) include such things as database programs, word processors,
Web browsers and spreadsheets.Figuratively speaking, applications software
sits on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the
operating system and system utilities.
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BIOS
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BIOS,
the IBM PC compatible, is an industry standard firmware interfaces _. . BIOS
is the first occurrence of the word by the CP / M operating system in 1975.
BIOS is the first software to load when you start the PC. BIOS POST computer
for performing each part of the system, and the boot program or the operating
system is loaded in memory. In addition, BIOS also provides some system
parameters to the operating system. System hardware changes are hidden by the
BIOS, the program uses BIOS service instead of directly accessing hardware.
Modern operating systems will ignore the abstraction layer provided by the
BIOS and direct access to the hardware components.
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Early
Intel processors started at physical address 000FFFF0h. When a modern x86
microprocessor is reset, it starts in pseudo 16-bit real mode, initializing
most registers to zero. The code segment register is initialized with
selector F000h, base FFFF0000h, and limit FFFFh, so that execution starts at
4 GB minus 16 bytes (FFFFFFF0h).[9] The platform logic maps this address into
the system ROM, mirroring address 000FFFF0h.
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BIT
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[S:
metrology] bit; bit; [T: metrology] bit; positive body: yuan; drill
[electrical engineering]; English: [binary] bits, bits [information
technology]; positive body: bits, than [computer ]; is the body: bit [free
software]; English: Bit; bit [free software]; positive body: bit; ratio
[computer]
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Short
for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. The term was
first used in 1946 by John Turkeys, a leading statistician and adviser to
five presidents. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More
meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger
units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits.
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Byte
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Byte,
the English name is Byte. A byte represents eight bits. It is usually used as
a unit of measurement of computer information, regardless of data type. It is
also the programming language indispensable basic data types - integer.
Modern computer continuous, fixed number of bits. Eight binary specification
is often called Octet, for example, in a number of industry standards,
networking and telecommunications technology inside. Byte can be abbreviated
to B, such as MB represents Megabyte; Bit can be abbreviated to b, for
example, represents Mb Megabit. Francophonie sometimes "o" for
"octet". Many people do not accept, because it has zero risk of
confusion in the international system of units.
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3 and
2
Consider
only the leftmost position
It can
only be 0 or 1
Leftmost
bit is 0, then adding two-bit patterns
The
leftmost bit is 1, then adding two-bit patterns again
The
results more than twice ... three modes 2
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Bus
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a
large vehicle that is used for carrying passengers especially along a
particular route at particular times
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She
boarded a bus in Nashville.
Are
you traveling by train or by bus?
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Cache
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Cache,
in its original meaning refers to access faster than a random access memory
RAM, usually it is not the system main memory as the use of DRAM technology,
and the use of expensive but faster SRAM technology.
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cache
large data: 056-huge-plot.Rmd (output)
an
example using the Rte. syntax: knitr-latex.Rtex
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CD-ROM
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CD-ROM,
a CD-ROM on the computer is used. This disc can only write data once, the
information is permanently stored on the disc is read out by the disc drive
when information use. CD format was originally developed for music storage
and playback of design, in 1985, the Orange Book standards developed by the
SONY and Philips makes this format to fit binary data. Some CD-ROM only
stores music, and computer data storage, this CD-ROM can be music CD player
to play, and the computer can be a computer data processing.
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The
Yellow Book is the technical standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One
of a set of color-bound books that contain the technical specifications for
all CD formats, the Yellow Book, created by Sony and Philips in 1988, was the
first extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio. It adapted the format to hold
any form of data.
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Circuit
Board
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An
insulated board on which conductive pathways are constructed and components
such as chips are mounted.
American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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When
the board has only copper connections and no embedded components, it is more
correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board.
Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse.
A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The
IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),[1]
and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used
informally both for bare and assembled boards.
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CPU
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A central
processing unit (CPU)
is the electronic circuitry within
a computer that carries
out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O)
operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the
computer industry at least since the early 1960s.[1] Traditionally,
the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its
processing unit and control unit (CU),
distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components
such as main memory and I/O
circuitry.[2]
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Most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they
are contained on a single integrated circuit (IC)
chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces,
and other components of a computer; such integrated devices are variously
called microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC).
Some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called
"cores"; in that context, single chips are sometimes referred to as
"sockets".[3] Array
processors or vector processors have
multiple processors that operate in parallel, with no unit considered
central.
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Disk
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Disc
is a behavior assessment tool based on the DISC theory of psychologist
William Moulton Marston, which centers on four different behavioral traits:
dominance, inducement, submission, and compliance. This theory was then
developed into a behavioral assessment tool by industrial psychologist Walter
Vernon Clarke.
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There are many different versions of the questionnaire and
profile. Because the versions of the assessment do vary, practitioners are
cautioned to ask for evidence for the validity of a prospective version
before using.
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DOS
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DOS /dɒs/, short for disk operating system,[1] is an acronym for several
computer operating systems that
were operated by using the command line.
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MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market
between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 including the partially
MS-DOS-based Microsoft Windows (95, 98, and Millennium Edition).
"DOS" is used to describe the family of several very similar
command-line systems, including MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, ROM-DOS, OSx16, "Horizon OS" and PTS-DOS.
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Ergonomics
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a science that deals with designing and
arranging things so that people can use them easily and safely
: the
parts or qualities of something's design that make it easy to use
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Ergonomics info - How to create a user-friendly home and
office. Ergonomics information presented to you the BEST, EASY-TO-READ way.
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Expansion
Slot
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An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is
used to insert an expansion card (or circuit board), which provides
additional features to a computer such as video, sound, advanced graphics,
Ethernet or memory.
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Fax
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Transfer
files to fax a copy of the telecommunications technology; and is responsible
for transmitting fax machine these files.
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Gigabyte
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Gigabytes,
often abbreviated as G, is an information unit of measurement, now usually
labeled hard drives, memory, and so has the storage capacity to large
capacity storage media in general when using.
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To address this ambiguity, the binary prefixes have
been standardized in the International
System of Quantities, each binary prefix
denoting an integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a memory module that
is now labeled as a 1 GB is designated as 1 GB (one gibbeted).
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Hard
Drive
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A hard
disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed
disk[b] is a data storage device used
for storing and retrieving digital information
using one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters)
coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads arranged
on a moving actuator arm, which
read and write data to the platter surfaces.[2] Data is
accessed in a random-access manner,
meaning that individual blocks of data
can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. HDDs retain stored data even
when powered off.
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As of 2015, the primary competing technology for secondary
storage is flash memory in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs),
which have higher data transfer rates, better reliability,[5] and
significantly lower latency and access times, but HDDs remain the dominant
medium for secondary storage due to advantages in price per bit and
per-device recording capacity.[6][7] However, SSDs
are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption and
durability are more important considerations.[8][9]
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HTML
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Hypertext
Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup
language used to create web pages.[1] Web browsers can read HTML files and
render them into visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure
of a website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a
markup language, rather than a programming language.
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HTML
can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the
behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. The
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS
standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML
since 1997.
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Internet
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The
Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
It is a network of networks[1] that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked
by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and
applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and
peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.
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The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological
implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network
sets its own policies.[7] Only the
overreaching definitions of the two principal name in the
Internet, the Internet Protocol address space
and the Domain Name System (DNS),
are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an
activity of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), a
non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that
anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.[8]
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Internet
Service Provider
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An Internet
service provider (ISP)
is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or
participating in the Internet. Internet
service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
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Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration,
web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.
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Keyboard
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Typing[edit]
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Kilobyte
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The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The International
System of Units (SI) defines
the prefix kilo as 1000 (103); therefore one kilobyte
is 1000 bytes. The unit symbol for the kilobyte is kB. In some fields of information technology kilobyte has
traditionally also been used to denote 1024 (210) bytes, which arises from
binary exponentiation common to digital circuitry. In this context the unit
symbol K or KB has been common.
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·
The HP 21MX real-time computer (1974) denoted 196,608
(which is 192×1024) as 196K,[11] while the HP 3000 business computer (1973) denoted 131,072
(which is 128×1024) as 128K.[12]
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The Shugart SA-400
51⁄4-inch floppy
disk (1976)
held 109,375 bytes unformatted,[13] and was advertised as 110 Kbyte, using the
1000 convention.[14] Likewise, the 8-inch DEC RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes
formatted, and was advertised as 256k.[15] On the other hand, the Tandon 51⁄4-inch DD floppy format (1978) held 368,640 (which is
360×1024) bytes, but was advertised as 360 KB, following the 1024 convention.
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On modern systems, all versions of Microsoft Windows including
the newest (as of 2015) Windows
10 divide
by 1024 and represent a 65,536-byte file as 64 KB.[16] Conversely, Mac OS X Snow Leopard and newer represent this as 66 kB,
rounding to the nearest 1000 bytes.[17]
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LAN
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A local
area network (LAN)
is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school,
laboratory, or office building.[1] A local area
network is contrasted in principle to a wide area network (WAN),
which covers a larger geographic distance and may involve leased telecommunication circuits, while the media for LANs are locally managed.
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Ethernet over twisted pair cabling and Wi-Fi are the two
most common transmission technologies in use for local area networks.
Historical technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring, and AppleTalk.
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Megahertz
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The hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International
System of Units (SI) and is
defined as one cycle per second.[1] It is named
for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the
first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves.
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One of the unit's most common uses is in the
description of sine waves and musical tones, particularly
those used in radio and other
audio-related applications. It is also used to describe the speeds at which
computers and other electronics are driven.
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Modem
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A modem (modulator-demodulator)
is a device that modulates signals to
encode digital information and demodulates signals to
decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that
can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem
is one that turns the digital data of acomputer into modulated electrical signal for
transmission over telephone lines and demodulated
by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.
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Modems are generally classified by the amount
of data they can send in a given unit of time, usually
expressed in bits per second (symbol bit/s, sometimes abbreviated
"bps"), or bytes per second (symbol B/s). Modems can also be
classified by their symbol rate, measured in baud. The baud unit denotes symbols per second, or the number
of times per second the modem sends a new signal. For example, the ITU V.21
standard used audio frequency shift
keying with two possible frequencies, corresponding to two
distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry 300 bits per second
using 300 baud. By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which could
transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits per symbol),
transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud)
using phase shift keying.
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Monitor
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Monitor,place,media,ships…
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Monitor (synchronization), an
approach to synchronize two or more computer tasks that use a shared resource
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Virtual
Machine Monitor, software which virtualizes a computer hardware platform,
allowing multiple system images to run simultaneously
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Motherboard
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A Motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as
the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic
board,[1] or
colloquially, a mobo) is
the main printed circuit board (PCB)
found in computers and other
expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the
crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU)
and memory, and provides connectors
for other peripherals. Unlike abackplane, a
motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor and other
components.
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Motherboard specifically
refers to a PCB with
expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is often referred
to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often
include sound cards, video cards,network cards, hard drives, or other
forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards
providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a
variety of other custom components (the term mainboard is applied to devices with a single
board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards
in televisions, washing machines and other embedded systems).
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Mouse
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In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that
detects two-dimensional motion
relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of
a pointer on a display, which allows for fine
control of a graphical user interface.
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Physically, a mouse consists of an object
held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other
elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable
additional control and dimensional input.
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Multimedia
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Multimedia refers
to content that
uses a combination of different content forms. This
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as
text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.
Multimedia includes a combination oftext, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactive content forms.
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Multimedia can be recorded and played,
displayed, dynamic, interacted with or accessed by information content processing
devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of
a live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic mediadevices used
to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including
audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media"
is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia scales up the
amount of media content in multimedia application.
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Network
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Biological, biosocial, electric, and electronic
Art, entertainment, and media
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Operating System Software
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The operating system is the most important program that runs on acomputer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating
system to run other programs and applications. Operating
systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing inputfrom the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping
track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
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Peripheral Device
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A peripheral is a "device that is used to
put information into or get information out of the computer.
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There are two different types of peripherals:
input devices, which interact with or send data to the computer (mouse,
keyboards, etc.), and output devices, which provide output to the user from
the computer (monitors, printers, etc.). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, can be used
both as input and output devices.
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RAM
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Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items
to be accessed (read or
written) in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical
location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access
data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time
required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their
physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations
such as media rotation speeds and arm movement delays.
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The two main forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM)
and dynamic RAM (DRAM).
In SRAM, a bit of
data is stored using the state of a six transistor memory cell. This
form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and
requires less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as
cache memory for the CPU. DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and
capacitor pair, which together comprise a DRAMmemory cell. The
capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the
transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read
the capacitor's state of charge or change it. As this form of memory is less
expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer
memory used in modern computers.
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ROM
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Biomechanics and medicine
Computers and mathematics
Engineering
Fiction and entertainment
Society and geography
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Return
on margin, a judge of performance based on the net gain or net loss
compared to the perceived risk
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Scanner
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For invisible radiation[edit]
For (near) light[edit]
Computer software[edit]
Other[edit]
Barbara Sher uses the word
"scanner" for someone who scans the surface of things, as opposed
to "divers" or experts. Other words for scanner includes polymath,
renaissance soul, multitalent, generalist and multipotentialite (as in Multipotentiality)
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·
A personality type described by self-help
author Barbara
Sher characterized
by having many different interests and/or keep changing interests very often.
Barbara Sher uses the word
"scanner" for someone who scans the surface of things, as opposed
to "divers" or experts. Other words for scanner includes polymath,
renaissance soul, multitalent, generalist and multipotentialite (as in Multipotentiality)
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Standalone
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: self-contained; especially : operating or capable of operating independently of a
computer system <a stand–alone word processor>
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Stand-alone
DSL, a digital subscriber line without analog telephone service;
also known as naked DSL
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Stand-alone expansion pack, an
expansion pack which does not require the original game in order to use the
new content
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Stand-alone inverter, a power inverter that
converts direct current into alternating current independent of a utility
grid
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Standalone network or Intranet, a computer network that uses
Internet protocol technology within an organization
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Stand-alone
sequel, a sequel set in the same fictional universe but having
little or no reference to predecessors
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Stand-alone server, a Microsoft Windows server
that neither belongs to nor governs a Windows domain
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USB
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USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry standard developed
in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in
a bus for
connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic
devices.[2]
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WAN
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Window
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A window
detector circuit, also called window
comparator circuit or dual edge limit detector circuits is used to determine whether an
unknown input is between two precise reference threshold voltages. It employs
two comparators to detect
over-voltage or under-voltage.
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Windows
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Microsoft Windows (or
simply Windows) is a
metafamily of graphical operating systems developed,
marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists
of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain
sector of the computing industry. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may
encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows
CE) or Windows Server. Defunct
Windows families include Windows 9x and Windows Mobile.
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